Business Ethics Essay - 1781 Words

Outline : A) General overview. B) Utilitarian theory. C) Kant theory. C) Rawls theory. D) Conclusion. Foreword: This research paper discusses theories in business ethics. It also considers three cases that illustrate ethics principles violation. Thesis: Nowadays in the era of economic relations and international trade business ethics plays a very important role. Nowadays in the era of economic relations and international trade business ethics plays a very important role. It is of vital importance at any level of activity: corporate, state or international. Questions of corporate social responsibility and business ethics are engaging business more and more - both domestically and internationally (Sims 2006). This†¦show more content†¦This theory is well presented in the works of M.Valaskes, J. Rawls, L. Nash. This concept is believed to be the most influential and pervasive in the business sphere. Any action that leads to the large useful effect is considered fair. In the common sense, the utilitarian principle is formulated in the following way: any action is rightful from ethical point of view if the total useful impact exceeds the total useful impact of any other action that could be carried out instead of the first one. The point is that all direct and indirect participants gain benefit. But applying this theory one should bare in mind that long-term consequences must be also taken into account. Considering the situation given with capital export, I should point out that this situation on the countries of export and import. If the export country is a rather developed one (such as the USA, the United Kingdom etc.) and the import country belongs to the underdeveloped one, it means that both parts will gain benefit from the situation. The developed country will generate profit locating its production in the area of cheap resources and workforce. In addition, the import country will get additional workplaces. As the result, all participants have benefits in the situation. The capital owner generates benefit, the unemployment rate in the import country reduces and the employees have ability to earn money. However, when the situation is reverse it can cause losses to manyShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. Some people believe that the decisions businesses make in interest of the business has no place in ethics and that they are essentially amoral. These businesses believe that their main objective is to simply make a profit and that it does not affect the success of the business. Whereas some businesses believe that they have to take ethics into consideration, in order for their business to be a success. Richard T. De George (1999) states that ethics and business do notRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1471 Words   |  6 PagesReview Nowadays, the concern for business ethics is growing rapidly in the business community around the world. Business ethics are focused on the judgment of decisions taken by managers and their behaviors. The issue regarding these judgments is the norms and cultures that shape these judgments. Business ethics are concerned about the issue, how will the issue be solved and how will it move ahead along the transition analysis as well (Carroll, 2014). Business ethics can be addressed at differentRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. When we here the term Business Ethics in our work place, we usually do not take it seriously and brush it off saying ‘it’s just a simple set of basic rules like not cheating and so on’. ThisRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesResource A discusses how ethics is crucial in business. There are three key ideas used to understand this. Firstly, making ethically wrong decisions tend to cause more upset than other general mistakes as purposeful unethical actions are not as easily forgiven or forgotten. Secondly, ethics provides businesses with a broader understanding of everything to do with their business. Business ethics is effectively just business it its larger human context. Thirdly, being unethical ca n tarnish the publicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1064 Words   |  5 Pages　　　　Business Ethics Ethics can be viewed as the rules and values that determine goals and actions people should follow when dealing with other human beings. However, business ethics can be defined as moral principles of a business. It examines moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. Generally, it has both normative and descriptive dimensions. Organization practice and career specialization are regarded as normative whereas academics attempting to understand business behaviourRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics757 Words   |  4 Pagesdeciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way that is good, or right. Those involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor business ethics prove differently. Poor busine ss ethics include bribery, corporate accounting scandalsRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1200 Words   |  5 PagesEthics meaning in simple way for average person is what is right from wrong. According to Chris MacDonald (2010)† Ethics† can be defined as the critical, structured examinations of how we should behave - in particular, how we should constrain the pursuit of self-interest when our actions affect others. â€Å"Business ethics is the applied ethics discipline that address the moral features of commercial activity (Business ethics, 2008).Working in ethical way in business has a lot of benefits which can attractRead MoreBusiness Ethics Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Business Ethics Unit 37: National Diploma Assignment brief TASK 1: Scenario: Business ethics - a study of a selected company With growing interest among consumers regarding the business ethics of the businesses brands that consumers buy, Westminster council wants to conduct an independent review of some of the organisations that sell their goods and services in the borough. You have been asked to select one of the following brands and conduct research into their business ethics. Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Business Ethics1431 Words   |  6 Pages BUSINESS ETHICS INTRODUCTION:- Presentation Ethics are exceptionally regular and essential good esteem that helps us to take the right choice where we think that it hard to pick between our own advantages and the correct thing to do. We are going to talk about three sections of morals Behavioral morals, Bounded ethicality and last one is irreconcilable situation. As from the names of these parts of morals, its verging on clarifying the significance of it. It clarifies why great individualsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesBusiness Ethics Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics which examines moral problems and ethical principles that come up in a corporate environment. It is applied to every aspect of conducting business. According to Milton Friedman, a company has the responsibility to generate as much revenue as it can while still conforming to the basic rules that society has set. These rules include the ones embodied in customs as well as in law. Similarly, Peter Drucker stated that

Human factors and cyber policy - 4873 Words

TA#2 Human Factors and Cyber Policy CSEC 620 April 27,2013 Table of Content IntroductionCopyright, threats and ownership of intellectual property -Important Security Issues -Recommended Policy Controls -How/Why Human Factors Influence Policy Meta-Data collected and used by the Private sector and Public sector -Important Security Issues -Recommended Policy Controls -How/Why Human Factors Influence Policy Zero Day Exploits employed for economic or military advantage -Important Security Issues -Recommended Policy Controls -How/Why Human Factors Influence Policy Vulnerability assessments for Mobile Devices in the BYOD environment -Important Security Issues -Recommended Policy Controls -How/Why Human Factors†¦show more content†¦Ulrich Schwantz (Rideout, 2011). The argument was that Artur83 created an independent file after viewing a photo of the completed product – he did not modify an existing file – and that the complaint was unclear if Dr. Schwantz was trying to say the Penrose triangle, a concept published in 1958, was his intellectual property (Rideout, 2011). Ultimately, Dr. Schwantz dropped the DMCA, but it still serves as a precedence for the debate between original and similarity. If corporations are to crack down on copyright infringements, be it blatantly copying direct design or limiting creativity and inhibiting innovation, then they will need to lobby Congress to change laws. With respect to 3-D printing, however, the current laws are good enough. While the 3-D files are CAD files, categorized as pictorial, graphic, and scultptural works that can be protected by copyright, they are excluded from copyright if the file has an intrinsic utilitarian function other than portraying either appearance or conveying information (Rideout, 2011). While each file can be independently reviewed to assess if an original file is copyrighted, it would be an arduous task that would not be fiscally responsible for a company to pursue every similar design. Additionally, current patent laws are applicable to complete and assembled products; creating replacement parts is currently legal and allowable (Thompson, 2012). If any of this isShow MoreRelatedWhen Cybersecurity Policy I s Discussed The Topics Often1145 Words   |  5 PagesWhen cybersecurity policy is discussed the topics often focus on technology, corporate culture, and security awareness. The success of an organization in defending its most valuable asset, data, depends on the proper implementation of several security practices. Ensuring that the â€Å"human aspect† of cyber security is addressed is vital, for the culture of an organization can greatly impact both the security posture and defense of information networks. This paper addresses the human aspects responsibleRead MoreAdvanced Threat Analytics Use Behavioral Analytics Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesorganizations to consider the predominant role of human factor in cybersecurity issues. This report will aim at demonstrating that the human element represents the top cybersecurity threat for hospitals, and perhaps any organizations. Ultimately the goal is a collaborative effort on designing effective policies to manage cyber threats facing the healthcare industry. Part I: The Human Factor Problem Description Health IT: Example of Intersection of Human Behavior and Cybersecurity Healthcare IT hasRead MoreEssay On Cyberspace Domain725 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of the Domain with No Borders on Developing Cyber Security Policy The creation of the Internet allowed humans to become connected in a way that was unimaginable by our ancestors. With the click of a button, we are able to communicate with someone across the world within seconds. However, the Internet, the core of cyberspace, also provides a domain for countries to overcome geographical and physical limitations as well as border security. Many nation-states seeking to exert lateral pressureRead MoreAnalysis Of Cybersecurity Metrics As Well A Governmental Policy Framework Essay1677 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernmental policy framework. I will discuss some cybersecurity strategies, frameworks, workplace threats caused by modern day technology, and at least one governments strategic prospective as it relates to their methodology of what a cybersecurity policy should be. The employees and organizations that have deeper-level information assurance policy compliance The healthcare industry is more likely to have a deeper-level of compliance when it relates to information assurance policies. The employeesRead MoreSocial Engineering Attacks On Critical Infrastructures1749 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Engineering Attacks on critical infrastructures do not always target the vulnerabilities in the systems themselves. One of the weakest links in security is the human factor. Social engineering targets this, and it has worked very effectively for them. According to Raj Samani and Charles McFarland, social engineering is â€Å"the deliberate application of deceitful techniques designed to manipulate someone into divulging information or performing actions that may result in the release of that information†Read MoreEssay On How To Reduce Cyberch In National Security1527 Words   |  7 Pagesreduce a risk of cyber attacks There are a number of actions recommended to prevent or reduce cyber attack risk. 1. Determine the Company’s Security Chain The company’s entire security chain needs to be determined and evaluated. If even a single link is weak, the company could be vulnerable to attack. 2. Develop a Compliance Work Plan A company should create a written compliance plan to monitor the highest risks for a potential cyber attack. The compliance plan must address cyber attack proceduresRead MoreEssay On Automatic Detection Of Cyber-Recruitment By Violent Extremists1363 Words   |  6 Pagesdetection of cyber-recruitment by violent extremists Introduction The main objective of this research is to present data and analytic methods for automatically identifying the recruitment activities of violent groups within extremist social media websites like face book, twitter, what sup and so on. There is no doubt that in today’s modern era the use of information and computer technology (internet) is rapidly increasing. Due to the unregulated nature of Internet Communication cyber communities becomeRead MoreEvolution of ICT1384 Words   |  6 Pageswarfare at all levels whether virtual or psychological. The integration of civilian and military technologies in recent decades and expansion of virtual battlefield to include human perception threats has increased civilian involvement in conflicts. The nature and scale of future conflicts will change, resulting in security policies to include safe guarding of civilian infrastructure. Cavelty and Brunner thus note that the information infrastructure consisting of computer and communication networks whichRead MoreThe Emergency Management Response Team1581 Words   |  7 Pagestheft, misuse, and unauthorized disclosure. Oncor policy prohibits our employees from disclosing or communicating directly or indirectly of confidential information to a person, firm, or entity that is not authorized to receive such information (puc.texas.gov 2009). This confidential information is not to be us ed for an employee’s personal benefit or any other person, company or entity is prohibited. In the principles for privacy of customer data policy Oncor acknowledges and values its customers’ rightsRead MoreA Documentary By Admiral Vern Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesdangers†. The US foreign policies and interest in key geographic regions of the world sparks controversies resulting in state funded cyber attacks, cyber espionage and terrorism against the United States and its allied nations. When several attempts to cripple the United States and its allied nations through negotiations failed, enemy states and nefarious groups have shifted their focus to cyber attacks and cyber espionage. According to Gady (2016), â€Å"China continues cyber espionage against the United

We Need a Retirement Plan Free Essays

With the way the economy is today, we need all the money we can get especially when we retire. The topic of my paper is â€Å"We do not need a retirement plan because social security will cover our needs when we retire. This is a topic that I strongly disagree with; Social Security alone will not be enough to cover our needs when we retire. We will write a custom essay sample on We Need a Retirement Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social Security or SSI is a program financed through general revenues; it is designed to help adults who are blind, the elderly and disabled people who have little or no income. SSI provides cash to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter. Whether you can get SSI depends on your income and things you own. SSI benefits are payable to adults who have limited income and resources, meet the living requirements, and are otherwise eligible. If you don’t fall into any of these categories and you have already retired without a retirement plan, you won’t have a source of income to support yourself. The Federal benefit rate for a SSI payment is $674 dollars, as we all know $674. 0 is not nearly enough to live, and that may only be enough to pay your rent. You will still have other living expenses such as food, bills, and personal items, not to mention health care. Although there is Medicaid, and Medicare but not everyone is eligible to receive those benefits. These are a few reasons why Social Security will not be enough to cover our needs when we retire without a retirement plan. With Social Security there is no guarantee that you will qualify to receive payment. SSI is based on your income, money that you receive such as wedges, other SSI benefits, and pensions. The amount of income you can receive each month and still get SSI depends partly on where you live. Some of the resources used in the qualification process are; real estate, bank accounts, stocks and bonds, and cash. You may be able to receive SSI benefits if your resources are worth no more than $2,000. A couple may be eligible to receive SSI benefits if their resources are worth no more than $3,000. Another big issue with retirement is Health Care. Sure Medical insurance is included when you receive Social Security called Medicare and Medicaid, but again you have to qualify for that as well. You may think that Medicaid and Medicare are the same; actually they are two different programs. Medicaid is a state run program that provides hospital and medical coverage for people with low income and little or no resources. Each state has its own rules about who is eligible and what is covered under Medicaid. The program helps with the cost of health care, but it does not over all medical expenses or the cost of most long-term care. Medicare is financed by a portion of the payroll taxes paid by workers and their employers. It also is financed in part by monthly premiums deducted from Social Security checks. Some people qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is our country’s health insurance program for people age 65 or older. Certain people younger than age 65 can qualify for Medicare, too, including those who have disa bilities and those who have permanent kidney failure or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease). In order to qualify for Medicare before the age of 65 if; you have been entitled to Social Security disability benefits for 24 months; or you receive a disability pension from the railroad retirement board and meet certain conditions; or you worked long enough in a government job where Medicare taxes were paid and you meet the requirements of the Social Security disability program; or you are the child or the widow(er) age 50, or older, including a divorced widow(er), of someone who has worked long enough in a government job where Medicare taxes were paid and you meet the requirement of the Social Security disability program. During my research I was able to interview 3 people; Thomas Burrell a retired veteran who has SSI and retirement, Kathy Burrell retired from the school system that only has retirement, and Thelma Kelly an elderly woman who is retired but only receives SSI. Mr. Burrell is retired from the military in 1991, retired from the United States Postal Service in 2001; he started to receive SSI benefits in 2001. When I interviewed Mr. Burrell, he had a lot to say about SSI and retirement. Even though he is receiving both, he knows that if he only had one benefit he would not be able to maintain his lifestyle. By Mr. Burrell receiving SSI and retirement he is able to provide for his family. As far as health care goes, Mr. Burrell has Medicare. By him receiving retirement he does not qualify for Medicaid which will cover all of your medical needs. You are not making a lot of money with either the SSI benefit or retirement, but with both combined you will be able to survive. T. Burrell (personal communication, April 6, 2011) Kathy Burrell, who has just retired in January of this year, only has a retirement plan and no SSI benefits. Mrs. Burrell retired through the Florida Retirement System (FRS) and the 401K plan, and being employed in Florida you have to wait 4 months after you retire to access your money. You will need to have some kind of income to last until you receive your full retirement. Mrs. Burrell knows that she is not able to survive on retirement alone. If she didn’t have a husband, after she retired she would have to get another form of income to make ends meet. As far as health care goes, If Mrs. Burrell did not have military insurance from her husband; she would not have or be able to afford it. K. Burrell (personal communication, April 6, 2011) Thelma Kelly a resident of Columbia, South Carolina has been retired for the past 15 years. Mrs. Kelly who is a widow has been receiving SSI benefits from her late husband, and because she is eligible. Mrs. Kelly receives $700. 00 a month, says that it is a blessing that she does not have a house payment because she would not be able to afford it. Mrs. Kelly struggles every month to make her $700. 00 a month check last for food, gas, utility bills, and other personal items. T. Kelly (personal communication, April 6, 2011) In conclusion it would be beneficial to have a retirement plan along with Social Security benefits to be able to support yourself. As mentioned earlier there are a lot of stipulations and requirements in order to qualify for Social Security. Social Security alone will not be enough to cover our needs when we retire. How to cite We Need a Retirement Plan, Papers

Miltons multi

Miltons multi-layered poem Lycidas is a literary work with a variety of interpretations and meanings Essay Miltons multi-layered poem Lycidas is a literary work with a variety of interpretations and meanings. One of the many angles from which we can attempt to understand the poem is the meta-poetic level. Meta-poetics is quite a wide range of ideas, which generally can be described as dealing with authorship and the poets relations with the audience and the poem itself, as well the exploration of the process of writing a poem. The meta-poetic, or ars-poetic, tone will concentrate on identifying Miltons emotional and psychological experiences in the process of creation-his intentions, hesitations and hopes-all in the light of the fascinating triangle of poet-poem-audience. The focus will be on the formation and reformation of Miltons psyche in the poem, as a reflection of himself and as a work of art. When reading a work of literature, and a poem in particular, the reader must always bear in mind the poets position and involvement in the text, but we usually use it to reach a deeper insight about the meaning of the poem. On the other hand, the ars-poetic imagination, which will be used in this paper, will try to look at the meaning as created equally by the poet and by the poem itself. In this vision, a poem is the documentation of life, as a reflection of the psyche, a portrait of the author as an artist and a philosopher, and eventually as a human being. This would be a good place to mention that Watterson quotes in his notes Harold Bloom, saying that a poetic text, as I interpret it, is not a gathering of signs on a page, but is a psychic battlefield upon which authentic forces struggle for the only victory worth winning, the divinating triumph over oblivion. The scope of this realm of interpretation is probably too wide, and therefore I will only provide a glimpse at the man behind the poem, touching this rich world of content, mainly through the post-modern psychological theories regarding the poem. The complexity of the poem demands from us a familiarity with some of the more basic, though not less intriguing layers of Lycidas, before we move to the deep levels of interpretations. The poem was written as an elegy lamenting Edward King-a schoolmate of John Milton whose short life ended with a unfortunate drowning. The poet declares in the head-note that besides lamenting his friend, he will also engage in foretelling the fall of the corrupted clergy, which implies a political and ideological critique. This initial statement develops certain expectations in the readers minds-expectations regarding the tone and the themes discussed in the poem. After this head-note, the poem begins with a mourning tone, warning the natural world of his grief and sorrow-I com to pluck your Berries harsh and crude/ and with forced fingers rude 3-4. Only then, with a slight delay over his melancholic mood, the poet invokes the muses to assist him in his mission of creating a poem-begin then, Sisters of the sacred well 15. After securing the support of inspiration, the poet turns to speak of young Lycidas, a symbolic character of nature, poetry and music, and the happy times of delight he shared with the speaker of the poem. The poem then seems to get complicated by involving different speakers, among them the voice of Pheobus and the Pilot of the Galilean lake , who represent two of the thematic realms of the poem-the mythological and the Christian. After a series of accusations and condemnation- anow of such as for their bellies sake/ creep and intrude, and climb into the fold 113, the poem returns to its pastoral mood of peace and quiet, with a note of acceptance and reconciliation with reality-now Lycidas the Shepherds weep no more 181. The poem concludes with a sense of vitality and reinforcement: And now the Sun had stretched out all the hills, And now was dropt into the Western bay; At last he rose, and twitchd his Mantle blew: To morrow to fresh Woods, and Pastures new. 90-193 the optimistic lines above conclude an elaborate poem, which combines the natural, the mythical and the human to convey its messages, and shows the notion of the psycho-dynamic movement from denial to anger to depression to resolution Creaser 144. This conclusion could probably represent the fact that author managed to overcome egos recognition of unattainable or illicit desire-the desire of everlasting honor and fame. According to my reading and understanding of the poem, the content appears to be a reflection of Miltons itself, rather than a detached artifact, thus creating a voice which contains complex dynamics and interaction. A dialogue exists between the poet and his poem, each one reinventing the other in an everlasting cycle of birth and re-birth. The poem is a part of the poet, just as much as the poet is a part of the poem. They are one but also separate, both harmonious and conflicted; a notion somewhat similar to Turners dialectic of presence and absence 34. A poem is subsequently a journey-an awareness of constant movement and dynamics. The first major place to look for such a complicated relationship might be the issue of fame in the poem. The poet, as an individual, is concerned with the death and mortality; like others before him, he uses the eternalizing power of poetry to make his name last forever: Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise That last infirmity of Noble mind to scorn delights, and live laborious dayes; But the fair Guerdon when we hope to find, And think to burst out into sudden blaze, Comes the blind Fury with th abhorred shears, And slits the thin spun life. But not the praiseÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ 69-75 These lines create a sense that the poems focus, or at least its underlying attention is on the poet and his psyche, making it harder to distinguish between the poet and the different speakers in the poem. Poetry can be interpreted in this light as the mortal revenge over death-it is a need to pass something on, to create continuity and to create a monument of oneself. Fame thus becomes not merely a desire for honor and prestige but also the striving to overcome nature. In James Grantham Turners words, this is the instance of authorship emerging from catastrophe. The poem itself remains as a constant reminder that a part of Milton will live forever, or as Douglas Brooks describes it, the poem is offering the power of memory as a definitive gesture against time and death. This possible identification of the immortalizing power of poetry leads us to a somewhat broader and wider concept of authorship. Milton as an author sees himself in a complex light-as a prophet and an artist. As early as in the head-note, the author declares that he by occasion fortels the ruine of our corrupted clergy, making himself not only a poetic master of the aesthetic but also an accomplished political analyst. Throughout the poem, the poet undergoes a mental journey, which is both difficult and fascinating-from the bitter constraint and sad occasion dear 6, via the fact that Lycidas sunk low but mounted high 171 to the Saints that wipe the tears forever from his eyes 181. The poem is a quest to find comfort and a renewal of faith in the power of poetry and in the poets own ability to transcend far above the uncouth Swain 186. When this notion is recognized, it is probable to assume that what we actually find here is that the guilt of an ambitious survivor is both revealed and repressed Watterson 54. The poet turns determined and motivated to achieve his earthly fame, and thus duplicating something of the sublime and heavenly: Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil, Nor in the glistering foil Set off to th world, nor in broad rumour lies, But lives and spreds aloft by those pure eyes, And perfect witnes of all judging Jove; As he pronounces lastly on each deed, Of so much fame in Heavn expect thy meed. 7-83 Therefore, we can detect the poets ambition to experience life and death to the fullest through the occupation with the deepest aspects of human existence and the most basic surfaces of individual reality. One can argue that John Creaser was right in his assertion that the events of Lycidas are all in the minds eye; but contrary to Creasers view, I would suppose that this is not a lonely poem of fel lowship lost, but an individualistic protest of self-esteem regained. A Deferred American Dream EssayIn a way, Milton replies to the question who would not sing for Lycidas? 10 with the decision that he wouldnt-he would not spend the time immortalizing and praising others while he can do this great service for his own self. This insight of Miltons objectives resembles William Collins Wattersons suggestion that the poem is simultaneously both a repression of envy and an expression of it, which consequently creates an ego both relieved and guilty at the death of a poetic competitor. So could it be said that in the process of writing the poem Milton confirms, or at least reassures his belief in poetrys mightiness, and therefore also his capabilities as an author-a creator of poetry. One can generalize by saying that a poem is an autobiography uncovering the mystery of the poet behind the poem and allowing access into some of the deep corners of his mind and soul, sometimes even corners that he didnt want to take us to. Stephen Booth mentions that great works of art can be seen as saying what they can not want to say. Moreover it gives the reader the paradoxical capacity to comprehend the incomprehensible. The poem is created in a manner where inside and outside collide to create a whole, which we later try to disintegrate and analyze. The outside here is the occasion, while the inside is the individual spirit with all of its complexities. In this meta-poetic perspective I have tried to apply here, meaning is created less through an objective interpretation of ideas and images, and rather through psychological and psychoanalytical observations of the poet as an artist and as a human being. They pose as definitions to each another, and thus create meaning through a mixture of a battle and mutual understanding. When identifying what poetry means for him, Miltons remark Ay me, I fondly dream! 55 can be translated into action in the form of poetic achievements. The poet now attempts to materialize his desire to say everything and nothing at the same time and so to interpose a little ease 150. Mark Womack states clearly that the poet achieved at least partial success since it dared push the limits set by the poetic values and attained dynamism, otherwise known as originality. This success, however, seems to be the result of Miltons stubborn and intentional struggle to outdo even himself Watterson 51. The reading I have tried to apply here, since it is necessarily extra-literary, looks at the human being behind the artifact. This post-modern social sciences perspective is much more interested with undercurrent human forces and less with mere aesthetic and formal criticism. In a certain way it is also the need to bring to life a text which became opaque by the multitude of meanings, in the way of looking for the creator rather than the creation itself . It is both an attempt to find something new to say about a poem so loaded with critical commentary, as much as an attempt to reveal the consistency of the human spirit throughout ages and locations; a certain need to show that human beings are so similar yet so individualistically unique. It is eventually an attempt to create a formula of the predictability of human nature; a formula that determines that nothing is predictable but a lot is possible. On the process of writing in such a mode, one might realize that the poem itself becomes almost irrelevant on the expanse of the poet, yet once again, those two are genuinely and authentically inseparable. This is also the making of Milton a human being with fears and conflicts; no longer the distant genius but a simple man who made himself become great. Moreover, that sort of reflexivity found in the text, definitely might affect the researcher itself, so as to get to an identification with Milton, not as the superior writer who aspires to be the very essence of literary brilliance, but as a fellow human being, motivated by primal urges, universal desires and globally human traits. It even seems fair to say that Milton did not even anticipate such identification with him, just as much as he could not predict other features and characterizations of his mind, part of which can be seen in this text . From our postmodern perspective one can see more of Milton than it seems at first glance. The notion that silence speaks louder than words also has some room here-Milton does not have to say what he thinks loud and clear , since he communicates to the reader through a much deeper level than words and utterances-the language of the human spirit. Moreover, it seems as if literature becomes more and more a tool to apply the theories of psychology and other social science; the implication is broad-not only the fact that now literature is no more the exclusive interest of literary critics, but also the fact that literature might be even more full of meaning than the authors/poets probably knew. This phase of literary history in which it seems that everything was said about a poem as a work of art, brings the vibrant interest in widening the boarders of the critical scope to meta-literary and interdisciplinary interpretations of literature. The implication is that literature at least to some extant, becomes more accessible to the average reader who doesnt have to look for philosophical and transcendent insights in the literary work, but a search for the roots of humanity; the clearest common denominators of people in all times and places. In my opinion, this kind of an evolution brings renewed interest and fascination with texts that otherwise could have been considered archaic and old-fashioned, but now receive again scholarly legitimacy and thus gain further depth and breadth. It could even be said that this kind of renewed fascination rules out the vision of art for arts sake, and help it acquire the status of an aesthetic embodiment of the everlasting attempt to decipher humanity. In accordance with my vision, it is essential to emphasize how deep Miltons unawareness was, regarding what will be made of his creation-he is now analyzed from within and without; the critic serving as his perceptive therapist. A dead man is resurrected-yet another achievement of poetry that Milton wasnt even aware of. If we get back to the terms of the meta-poetics, than it is possible to argue that Milton opened a realm of interaction he might didnt even imagine to exist, between his audience, his text and himself. I would even argue that in through the kaleidoscope of the human psyche, the critic receives a bit firmer authorization to be judgmental, since the way to understanding human complexity is through constant questioning and skepticism; building and rebuilding ones impression of a given situation in a given moment. This is the power the post-modern critic and reader have over Milton-the great awareness of the unawareness. I suggest that it is thus significant to mention that a reading similar to the one I have tried to develop here, is not only meta-poetic, but also meta-critical-following both the process of writing the poem and the process of writing this very essay, and the essence of criticism as a whole. Such a criticism is almost inevitably reflexive and self examining, since it deals with the issue of human psycho-dynamics. The critic is obliged to put himself into the text, to get emotionally and mentally involved in this process of learning and discovery. Through his writing, he unknowingly allowed us to penetrate into the innermost parts of his mind, in the name of science, in the name of art, or of mere curiosity; especially regarding the fact that those three are often intertwined and generate each other. Ultimately, there is no one proper way of reading Lycidas, and poetry in general, and by understanding it, we can begin trying to attach some meaning of our own, according to our terms of reference. At this point we might also develop a similar relationship of dependence and disparity with our texts, and therefore learn a lot about ourselves as writers and readers. Just as Lycidas is a poem that documents a journey-a private Odyssey for Milton, this text also serves as an embodiment of its composer in numerous ways-some premeditated, others unconscious.